Distance from bank/FSP/CICO agent
Mobility constraints (e.g. legal curfews, norms)
Difficulty resolving complaints
Online/Phone/Social media harassment
Potential (or actual) privacy violations
Cost of using DFS (incl. transaction cost)
Non-transparent fee structures / hidden costs
Perceived and/or lack of money
Lack of women in leadership at DFS providers and policy-makers
Unclear or difficult process to open account
Unclear or unavailable info about products/uses
Basic literacy and numeracy
Lack of peers/family/network who use DFS
Internet/Mobile connectivity
Lack of credit history (for credit products only)
Broader legal constraints (e.g. male signature)
Navigability of user interface of the digital product
Lack of products and services that create value
Lack of products that meet women’s needs
Reliability (and quality) of in-person services
Reliability of payments system and network
Biases that center men as financial customers
Women’s disproportionate time burden
Expectation that men control household finances
Ambivalence or antagonism towards women’s financial independence
